CRISPR-Cas9: What are the pros and cons?

CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful, cost-effective tool for gene editing. However, when designing a gene editing experiment, it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of an approach. Read about CRISPR-Cas9 pros and cons in this DECODED.

What is CRISPR-Cas9?

CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene editing technology that has a wide range of applications from modifying the genomes of plants to make them more resistant to pathogens [1] to genomic medicine research applications [2-4].

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, which are a group of short DNA sequences found in the genomes of some archaea and bacteria that function as a defense mechanism [5,6]. When these repetitive segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA called crRNAs, they are complimentary to matching segments of DNA sequences found in invading viruses. The crRNAscan form a complex with a specialized CRISPR nuclease, (e.g., Cas9). This ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex is able to bind and cleave the target DNA, rendering it inactive [6].

In nature, the Cas9 nuclease binds to a two-part RNA – a crRNA and a trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA). Researchers can use modified versions of Cas9 proteins in combination with synthetically generated RNAs to target specific genes, allowing them to better understand the functionality of a gene or to edit genes that may result in a pathological phenotype [3, 7-9]. Figure 1 shows how DNA is cleavage by the CRISPR-Cas9 system using either a two-part guide RNA or a sgRNA.

CRISPR Cas9 creates double-strand breaks in genomic DNA
DNA cleavage by the CRISPR-Cas9 system. (A) Cas9 with two-part guide RNA. The guide RNA forms a complex with Cas9 endonuclease to guide targeted cleavage of genomic DNA. The cleavage site is specified by the spacer element of the crRNA. The crRNA spacer element recognizes 19 or 20 nt on the strand opposite from the NGG PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) site. The PAM site must be present immediately downstream of the protospacer for cleavage to occur. (B) Cas9 with single-guide RNA. The single-guide RNA (sgRNA) approach uses a fused crRNA and tracrRNA, but otherwise the entire Cas9 system works like the two-part guide RNA system shown in panel A.

CRISPR-Cas9 pros and cons

CRISPR-Cas9 is one of many gene editing technologies available to researchers. While it can be an extremely industrious approach for inducing changes to genetic material, it, like any other gene editing application, has several advantages and disadvantages that should be taken into consideration when designing an experiment.

Pros

  • Fast, flexible designEssentially, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing requires 2 components: the Cas nuclease and a guide RNA. In some cases, researchers opt to use the 2-part crRNA-tracrRNA system while in others they use an sgRNA. Once the guide RNA and endonuclease bind to each other they form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. It’s within this complex that the guide RNA can bind to the target sequence and editing can occur.
  • Multiplexed gene editing – CRISPR-Cas9 can edit multiple genes simultaneously, when the implemented sgRNAs are designed to target different genetic loci [10]. This makes CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing an attractive and efficient approach for manipulating multiple locations in the genome. 
  • Cost-effective – Because of the reasons listed above, CRISPR-Cas9 can be extremely cost-effective relative to other gene editing approaches such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), which require protein engineering. The simplicity of CRISPR-Cas9 – relying largely on 2 molecules to induce edits – as well as the flexibility available in designing sgRNAs to bind to any/numerous target(s) means that researchers can start editing quickly and make adjustments easily.

Cons

  • Delivery limitations – CRISPR-Cas9 has to be successfully delivered into cells in order to induce the desired edits. Like many other gene editing applications, delivery of the Cas9/gRNA complex into a sufficient number of cells can be challenging because all of the components must be delivered into cells at the right concentrations and at the correct point in a cell’s cycle. CRISPR reagent delivery methods include electroporation, lipofection, microinjection, nanoparticles, and viral plasmids. 
  • Efficiency limitations – Another important limitation to consider when using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing is that when the Cas9/gRNA complex is taken up by cells, the gene editing activity itself may not occur. This is especially true when the goal is to knock-in or insert material into a gene, a process which relies on homology directed repair (HDR). However, researchers have made significant progress in improving HDR efficiency rates with CRISPR. To read more about improving CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing efficiency, check out the DECODED article, Improving efficiency of homology-directed repair (HDR).
  • Off-target effects – Off-target effects occur when the Cas9 nuclease edits an untargeted section of the genome, resulting in unwanted alterations. Off-target effects are a major concern for CRISPR-Cas9 experiments, and they can be challenging to predict. Efforts have been made to improve in silico off-target prediction tools as well as to reduce off-target effects by improving Cas9 nucleases [11,12].

Learn more about CRISPR

CRISPR has proven to be a powerful tool for gene editing and for advancing genomic medicine. CRISPR-Cas9 is one of many options available for gene editing, therefore, it is important to understand the pros and cons of this approach and others when developing an experiment.

You can read more about CRISPR and different gene editing approaches by downloading The CRISPR basics handbook

References

  1. Zhu H, Li C, Gao C. Applications of CRISPR-Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(11):661-677.
  2. Fang H, Bygrave AM, Roth RH, et al. An optimized CRISPR/Cas9 approach for precise genome editing in neurons. Elife. 2021;10.
  3. Lin S, Staahl BT, Alla RK, et al. Enhanced homology-directed human genome engineering by controlled timing of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. Elife. 2014;3:e04766.
  4. Wang JY, Doudna JA. CRISPR technology: A decade of genome editing is only the beginning. Science. 2023;379(6629):eadd8643.
  5. Doudna JA, Charpentier E. Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science. 2014;346(6213):1258096.
  6. Hille F, Richter H, Wong SP, et al. The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward. Cell. 2018;172(6):1239-1259.
  7. Ran FA, Hsu PD, Wright J, et al. Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nat Protoc. 2013;8(11):2281-2308.
  8. Eyquem J, Mansilla-Soto J, Giavridis T, et al. Targeting a CAR to the TRAC locus with CRISPR/Cas9 enhances tumour rejection. Nature. 2017;543(7643):113-117.
  9. Kurata M, Yamamoto K, Moriarity BS, et al. CRISPR/Cas9 library screening for drug target discovery. J Hum Genet. 2018;63(2):179-186.
  10. Khan FJ, Yuen G, Luo J. Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout with simple crRNA:tracrRNA co-transfection. Cell Biosci. 2019;9:41.
  11. Guo C, Ma X, Gao F, et al. Off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11:1143157.
  12. Vakulskas CA, Dever DP, Rettig GR, et al. A high-fidelity Cas9 mutant delivered as a ribonucleoprotein complex enables efficient gene editing in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Nat Med. 2018;24(8):1216-1224.

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Published Oct 17, 2023